System and method for remote radar data transmission and coordinated assembly at a central station



Feb. 14, 1961 E. J. BARLow ETAL 2,972,141

sYsTEM AND METHOD EDE REMOTE RADAR DATA TRANsMTssToN AND COORDINATED ASSEMBLY A T A CENTRAL STATION Feb. 14, 1961 E. J. BARLoW ETAL 2,972,141 OD FOR REMOTE RADAR DATA TRANSMISSION Y ASSEMBLY AT A CENTRAL STATION SYSTEM AND METH AND COORDINATED 1956 7 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed June 15,

E. J. BARLOW ETAL 2,972,141 SYSTEM ANO METHOD FOR REMOTE RAOARDATA TRANSMISSION 'AND COORDINATED ASSEMBLY AT A CENTRAL STATION Filed June 15, 1956 7 Sheets-Sheet 3 -iQON .EN .mq

Feb. 14, 1961 E. J. BARLow ETAL SYSTEM AND METHOD Fo R REMOTE RADAR DATA TRANSMISSION AND COORDINATED ASSEMBLY AT A CENTRAL STATION Filed June l5, 1956 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 E. J. BARLow ErAL 2,972,141 sYsTEM AND METHOD FOR REMOTE RADAR DATA TRANSMISSION Feb. 14, 1961 AND COORDINATED ASSEMBLY AT A CENTRAL STATION 7 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed June 15, 1956 Feb. 14, 1961 E J, BARLQW ETAL 2,972,141

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REMOTE RADAR DATA TRANSMISSION AND COORDINATED ASSEMBLY AT A CENTRAL STATION Filed June 15, 1956 7 Sheets-Sheet 6 5mm-@omas 579 Mara@ BARLow ET AL 2,972,141 D FOR REMOTE RADAR DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AND METHO AND COORDINATED ASSEMBLY AT A CENTRAL STATION Filed June 15, 1956 7 'Sheets-Sheet 7 SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REMOTE RADAR DATA TRANSMISSION AND COORDINATED ASSEMBLY AT A CENTRAL STATION Filed .lune l5, 1956, Ser. No. 593,011y

19 Claims. (Cl. 343-5) This invention relates to a system and methodfor remote radar data transmission and coordinated assembly at a central station and, more particularly, to a system and method for transmitting radar data from remote radars over telephone lines to a central station where the information received is transformed into video data in the coordinates of the central station.

The present invention may be utilized to provide acoordinated central radar display covering a wide area, where a plurality of remote radars provide data in re-v spective sections. Thus the invention allowsa considerable expansion in the edective radar range from a central station while retaining a high degree of target resolution.

In another aspect the invention provides an efficient solution to the data assembly problem inherent in any radar network where a pluralityof radars are required to scan separate areas. Thus the inventioxrmay iind v particular application in a ground controlled approach system where certain approaches are invisible from the central installation due to interfering terrain. In this particular situation the invention may be utilized to provide a remote radar installation which can detect targets in areas which are blind `to the central station, providing signals which may be transmitted for coordinate transformation and utilization at the central station;

The invention is eiciently adapted for use in a system where signals transmitted by narrow band telephone fa cilities (or other narrow band media) may beaccepted at a central station and converted to radar displayinformation. The technique introduced by the invention makes it possible to transmit radar information without the necessity of costly microwave facilities which would normally be required for transmitting video signals eX- isting in a broad frequency band. Effectively the method of the invention compresses the radar video information into a band pass region which is suitable for transmission through existing telephone facilities.

Perhaps the most important contribution of the invention is a method of data assembly and coordinate transformation which may be practiced with a relatively simple circuit arrangement. The method provided'is especially desirable since it requires no interaction between the two radars. According to the invention, the coordinate transformation is achieved byV first creating remote PPI pictures (i.e., reproduced at avdistant point) on individual cathode ray tubes and thenarranging `the several pictures for simultaneousV viewing. The mechanical positioning of the individual PPI displays thus accomplishes the conversion of individual radar coordinates to a geographically correct display.

The assembled optical display is then scanned in syn# chronism with the coordinate system of the local radar, using the synchro data and trigger signals available. The video signals from the scanning` device are then introduced into the video signal lines of the local radar and are thereafter handled as if they were signals picked up by the local radar. The scanning device and/ofthe 2,97,l4l Patented Feb. ld, 196i optical display medium includes a storage or memory characteristic which allows' complete` independence of the radar equipments.

The storage or memory characteristic is selected so that sufficient 4time is allowed to complete a' scanning cycle at the central radar rate, during the storage delay time. Thus if the assembly is to consist of a PPI display, the storage characteristic of either the optical display or the scanning device must correspond to the azimuth scanning rate which may be of the order of magnitude of 15 seconds for 360. Furthermore, the scanning rate, and consequently the storage characteristic, must be selected on the basis of an expected rate of information change so that the delay resulting from asynchronous scanning, according to the invention, does not result in a loss of necessary information.

Thus where the target velocity is relatively high, the central radar scanning rate must he adjusted to compensate for the fact thatv the utilization of a storage medium according to the'invention introduces a lag in information translation.

- However, in practice these requirements place no practical restriction upon the invention and, as a result, an extremely efficient transformation technique is available requiring relativelyv simple circuits which need not be synchronized.

The storage concept allowing asynchronous operation atl the" central station may also be utilized to encode video data at the remote radar installations where the added feature 'of bandwidth compressionmay be achieved inVK a manner more fully described in copending'US. patent'application Serial No. 593,016 for Video DataEnrow band facilities such as telephone lines.

coding Circuit and Method Allowing Bandwidth Compression, by Iohn Ignatius Daspit, filed June' 15, 1956. The-subcombinational aspects of the present system are claimed inthis copending application. Another suitable encoding technique is described in an article entitled Narrow Band Link Relays Radar Data, by John L.

McLucas, Elctronics, volume 25, number 9, (September4 19, 1952) published by McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc.`

In its basic structural form a typical system'provided by the invention includes the following'components. A plurality of remote radar and encoder circuits are included for translating received video information into compressed data' suitable for transmission through nar# The compressed'signals provided by the encoders are then decoded at a central station through respective circuits which may also be yutilized -to provide control signals -for actuating a display device such as a cathode ray tube.

The decoded and displayed information is then arranged physically in accordance with the geographical location of the corresponding information received. This physical arrangement then is scanned to provide a superimposed assembly where all coordinates are effectively translated to the-central station. Finally, `the system of the invention includes means for scanning the assembled optical display to translate this display into what may be considered to be simulated radar video signals representing the remote radar data. These signals then maybe combined with the video signalsof the central radar and used to provide a composite display. In effect the coverage of the local radar has been augmented by the data from the remote gap-filling radars.

While the invention'may assume a multitude of particular arrangements, a preferred form of encoding device providing the desired bandwidth compression is described in the above-'mentionedv copending applicationby John Ignatius Daspit. In this circuit a vidicon having a rstorage characteristic corresponding to the azimuth scanning rate at the remote station is utilized to scan a radar B display translate the display into compressed video signals. The scanning rate of the vidicon may be selected so that the bandwidth of the signal information resulting is well within that of a conventional telephone line. The vidicon has the further feature in that its storage characteristic allows the retention of a display for a time interval which is greaterv than the typical azimuth scanning interval obviating the necessity of an additional storage device or storage characteristic in the display tube.

Furthermore, this type of optical encoding is desirable since it allows a display at the remote radar which may provide information for utilization at the location and therefore additional radar displays arenot required.

As described herein the vidicon scanning is utilized at the central station where the vidicon receives the assembled optical display of the remote radars, although other image scanning devices may be employed, such as the image orthicon, provided that a suitable storage characteristic present. In this situation the remote radar information may be translated into a corresponding plurality of separate PPl displays which are arranged with their center of scan in accordance with respective geographic locations, and with zero azimuth lines in the proper orientation. The vidicon then is utilized to scan this presentation according to the central radar synchro trigger signals so that effectively the output signals produced by the vidicon may be'considered to be target echoes basedv on the central radar coordinates and therefore may be directly mixed with central radar video derived independent y.

A more specific technique of the invention is in the provisionV of certain visual marks on the radar display utilized which obviate the necessity of generating reference signals such as zero-azimuth-indicating or zero-range-trigger signals, by displaying theseV marks visually at predetermined positions. In this manner the scanning device, which may be a vidicon, automatically generates the yproper reference signals along with any radar data which is to be transmitted.

remote data for a period corresponding to the scanning cycle at the point of assembly.

Yet another specific object is to provide a system for data transmisison and assembly where complicated coordinate transforming circuits or computers are not required, the transformation being achieved by optically superimposingn remote data in transformed position and thenscanning'the resulting optical display' in accordance with central reference signals such as radar trigger and synchro signals.

A further specific object is to provide an efficient solution to the data coordinate transformation problem without requiring synchronization between remote and central radars through the utilization of a vidicon or other TV camera, having storage charactristics, to scan an optical display of superimposed remote radar displays positioned in accordance with their respective geographical locations.

The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, wi-ll be better understood from the following description considered in connection with the accompanying drawings. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illus- ,tration and description only, and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention.

Fig. 1 is a block diagram o-f a basic embodiment of the invention;

Fig. la illustrates a typical geographical arrangement of the components forming the system of Fig. 1;

Figs.v 2.a and 2b illustrate one form of encoding circuit which may be utilized in embodiments of the invention',

Fig. 3 illustrates the general form of a decoding circuit which may be utilized in systems of the invention; `v Figs. 3a and 3b are schematic diagrams illustrating a specific circuit arrangement constituting one form suitable for the decoding circuit of Fig. 3; and

Accordingly, it is ran object of the 'present invention' I to provide an efficient solution to the data assembly prob-` lem inherent in any radar network where a plurality of radars are requiredto scan separate areas.

Another object of the invention is to provide a system` for transmitting radar data from remote radars over narr0w band facilities to a central station where-the information received is t'o be transformed into data based upon the coordinates of the central station. Y

A further object ofthe-invention is to provide a coor-r dlnated central radar display covering a wide area where a pluralityof remote radars` provide data in respective seo-` tions.

Yet another object is to provide a radar system Where remote radar installations can detect targets in areas which are blind to the central station providingisignals which may be transmitted for coordinate transformation and utilization at the central station.

Still a further object is to provide a system of radar data assembly wherein the complexity of mechanical or electronic synchronization between central and remote radars is obviated.

A more specific object ofthe invention is to provide aA system for radar data vassembly where existing narrow band telephone facilities may be utilized to transmit remote radar information to a central station, obviating the necessity of costly microwave facilities which would nor.l mally be required for transmitting video signals existingVv in a broad frequency band. Y Y

Another specific object is toprovide aV system for data transmission and coordinated assembly where 'synchronism between encoding and decoding devices is not 1 'e` quired due to utilization of a storage medium to retain y Fig.'4 illustrates a suitable arrangement for the assembly-and coordinate transformation circuits of Fig. 1.

" Reference is now made to Fig. 1 illustrating a typical arrangement of a system employing the principles of the present invention. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the system includes a plurality of remote radars 'and encoders 200A 200N, where the reference letter N is utilized to indicate that any number may be employed depending upon the particular assembly-problem involved.

, The encoding circuits in devices 200 are arranged, ac-,. cording to the present invention, to compress videov input signals representing corresponding data into a band pass region suitablefor transmission via telephone lines. information transmitted in this manner then is decoded 1 and displayed under the control of corresponding signals in decoder and display control units 300A SOON associated with encoders 200A .l 200N, respectively. The signals produced by circuit 300A 300N are ap-v plied to an assembly and coordinate transformation means 400 which provides for the optical display of received data in a manner providing the desired coordinate transformation. `This optical display. is then translated into corresponding data signals based upon the central installation coordinates and mixed with central radar video signals to form a composite set of signals represent-v ing a display based upon the central station coordinates. A4 partculararran'gement is indicated inrFig. l where cathode raytubes CRTa and CRTn receive control signals from circuits 300A and 3( )0N, respectively, and provide i corresponding visual displays based upon the associated remote data received and decoded. These displays then are combined and optically transformed in accordance with' central radar coordinates through an optical link which lis scanned by means of a set of assembly and coordinatel transformation circuits which may include a vidicon as pointed out above. Suitable forms for circuits 200, 300 and 400 are shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 4, respectively. f

A typical situation where the invention may be practiced is illustrated in Fig. 1a where it will be noted that remote radar and encoder installations A and B exist behind interfering terrain such as mountains. Video data detected by the remote radar installations is compressed there and transmitted via corresponding telephone lines A and vB to the central radar installation. This compressed video data thenl isA translated through associated decoding devices and then optically transformed in coordinate position and nally. translated into video data based upon the central radar synchro and trigger signals. Thus the display which may then be obtained at the central radar installation gives the impression that targets beyond the interfering mountain terrain are in fact visible from the central radar installation since the display provided is based upon the central radar coordinates.

Encoder crcutsi200 (Shown in Figs. 2a and 2b) In the preferred form of encoder as shown in Figs. 2a and 2b the circuit is separated into two sections corresponding to the two figures. The section shown in Fig. 2a provides a visual presentation of the remote radar and signals along with certain azimuth-gated range marks and trigger signal marks, as will be explained. The display provided by the circuits of Fig. 2a is then scanned asynchronously by the circuits of Fig. 2b which may include the vidicon circuit mentioned above. The practice of the invention requires that either the display device in the circuits of Fig. 2a or the scanning means in the circuits of Fig. 2b have a storage characteristic having a decay time which is long enough to retain a visual presentation of a complete scanning cycle which may, for example, be an entire azimuth scan of 360.

In the particular arrangement of Fig. 2 it may be assumed that the vidicon includes the required storage characteristic and retains a charge pattern corresponding to the display provided by the circuits of Fig. 2a.

,In general the display control circuits shown in Fig. 2a may be conventional circuits such as are described on pages 534 through 589 of a book entitled Radar Engineering, by Donald G. Fink, published in 1947 by the McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York and London. However, certain important modifications will be noted which are introduced for the purposes of the present invention.

Thus in Fig. 2a it will be noted that remote radar video aswell as trigger signals are passed through a video isolation ampliiier 201a, a video limiter 203a and a mixer stage 205a to a cathode ray tube display device 207a. This is not conventional practice since normally the trigger signals would be eliminated to prevent the appearance of corresponding marks in the presentation. However, these marks are retained for the purpose of the present invention so that reference signals are automatically generated in scanning by means of the circuits of Fig. 2b at the scanning rate of the vidicon or other device utilized so that it is unnecessary to introduce such reference signals by electronic means.

It will also be noted that range-marking signals produced under the control of the range gate generator 208:1, actuating a range-marking oscillator 209a, having its signals sharpened through a blocking oscillator stage ln, and an amplifier 21311 are applied toa gate 21Sa. Gate 215a is controlled by a reference-azimuth-marking signal, which may indicate zero azimuth, so that range marks appear on the display only during the reference azimuth marking interval. This procedure therefore provides range marks and a reference azimuth mark which are then automatically encoded in the scanning operation of the circuits of Fig. 2b, without any synchronization being required between these circuits and those of Fis 20 -for the purpose of the invention.

The display-control circuits of Fig. 2a operate in a conventional manner and therefore will be only briey described. It will be noted that the range gate generator signals also control a range sweep generator 220a which actuates a range deection amplifier 222a controlling the vertical deilection plates of tube 207:1. In a similar manner, azimuth sweep signals are derived in a conventional manner from a synchro-resolver arrangement 23011 where a motor 231a is positioned in angle in accordance with the remote radar azimuth angle 95,. The motor 231a is coupled to an azimuth linear sweep generator 235:1 which is indicated to be a potentiometer with a rotatable center tap referred to in the art as a direction-sweep Apotentiometer such as is shown in Fig. 415 on page 561 of the above-mentioned reference by Donald G. Fink. The resulting azimuth sawtooth signal is applied to an azimuth dellection amplifier 24011 controlling the horizontal plates of tube 207:1 and is also applied to an azimuth blanking signal generator 245:1 which cuts the tube oi during the azimuth retrace interval.

While the circuits of Fig. 2a are arranged to provide a B display, it will be understood that other displays may be utilized such as A, J, or PPI displays. The B display is preferred, however, due to the simplicity in scanning circuits required as well as the fact that reference range in *azimuth signals are quite readily encoded in a visual manner obvia'ting the necessity of additional electronic reference signal generating circuits as explained above. Furthermore, the azimuth resolution at short ranges is better for the B display than the PPI display.

It should be apparent that the scanning operation is determined by the type of presentation selected in delining the circuits of Fig. 2a. Thus where the preferred B display is utilized, the operation of the circuits of Fig. 2b is performed along corresponding linear azimuth and range coordinates. However, the scanning rate is inde-v pendent of that of the rate of display and the scanning operation need not be synchronized with the remote radar scanning rate due to the utilization of the storage means in accordance with the invention.

Thus while both the circuits of Figs. 2a and 2b may utilize local 60-cycle power as a convenient common frequency source, there are otherwise no common signal connections between the circuits for the purpose of synchronization.

The circuits of Fig. 2b, like those of Fig. 2a, may be conventional except for a few modifications introduced Thus the scanning and storage device is indicated to be a vidicon 207b such as that described in an article entitled The Vidicon Photoconductive Camera Tube, by P. K. Weimer et al., in volume 23 of Electronics, on page 70, May 1950. A lower accelerating voltage is utilized than is conventional practice' since this provides the desired storage characteristic.

The output signals produced by tube 20'7b are applied to a preamplifier 20%, the preampliier signals being combined with tlyback blanking signals produced by a generator and mixer Zllb which receives signals from a range sweep generator 213b and azimuth sweep generator 215b. Circuit 211b provides a signal which blanks the vidicon retrace period to prevent transmission of these signals to the central station. The combined sigynals of preamplifier 209b and generator-mixer Zllb are true video or standardized video may be utilized according to the invention.

These signals are then amplied and noise is eliminated 7 in an amplifier and clamping circuit "22511." Yinlgiliiier 225b is coupled to a set of circuits 230b for carrier modu-v lation and is also coupled to a differentiator circuit 250b which provides differentiated raw video for direct utilization without a carrier.

The compressed video signals'which are vto modulate the carrier are passed through a lowpass filter 231b. to a modulator circuit 232b` which also receives the -sigf nals produced by a carrier oscillator 233b. 'Thecarrier modulated signals produced by circuit 232b are passed through a low pass filter 235b to .a carrier side band mixer 237b which also receivesJsignals" produced by roscillator 23317. Filter 235b is selected vto pass the desired portion of the lower and upper side bands, the Ytechnique of single side band transmission with a vestige .of the other side band being preferred..

A selection may be made to transmit either the carrier mode derived from side band mixer v237b or differentiated raw video derived from circuit 240b. lThe selectedV signals are applied through aline amplifier and equalizer 250b to the telephone line coupling the encoder to the corresponding decoder at the central station.

It will be noted that the circuit of Fig." 2jb also inc'ludes a range gate generator'ZOb for actuating range sweep generator 213b controlling vertical deflection amplifier 270b. Range gate generator 260bv receives local 60-cycle power which is also utilized as a `Source for a synchronous motor and gear train 275b driving azimuth sweep generator 215b which controls horizontal deflection amplifier 28012. The reason a common source is utilized to actuate ,range generator 260b and a synchronous motor and gear train 270b is that it is necessary to have a fixed reference indicating the number of range sweep signals for each degree of azimuth. This reference data is required for the decoder at the central station so that the azimuth presentation rate may, be adjusted accordingly.

ThusV a suitable arrangement may be achieved by frequency dividing thev 60-cycle source to provide a 20-sweep per second range sweep rate and by utilizing an appropriate gear train reduction to provide a 6 r.p.m. azimuth sweep rate. This means that 200 range sweeps are performed for each azimuth cycle of 360.

Further specific analysis of the Vencoder of Fig. 2 is not considered to b e necessary for the purpose `of ,the present invention since a specificV circuit arrangement which issuitable is amply described in the above-mentioned lcopending l application by lohn Daspit. The present invention is concerned with system aspects rather than particular components such as the encoder, decoder, or assembly devices.

It is helpful, however, Vfor the purpose of the present invention to consider the manner in which the radar video data is compressed so that it is suitable `for transmission via narrow b and facilities. A typical example will be illustrated to point out this technique. It will be assumed for the purpose of this example that the telephone facilities available will allow a band pass region of 3,000 cycles per second, being available, for example, in the range 300 to 3300 c.p.s.

It is assumed further that a range resolution of onethird mile is desired and that the total range scan at the remote station is 30 vmiles. Assuming then that 10% ofthe range scanning period is required for the range sweep fiyback interval, it should be apparent that effectively 100 range spots are scanned during each sweep, as corresponding to the one-third mile resolution over 30 miles.4 This lmeans that the range sweep `rate which should be selected to provide the desired resolution vwithin the compressed bandwidth of 3000 c.p.c. is 30 sweeps per second.

y The azimuth sweep rate forf-the desired bandwidth is then ydeterminedonthe basis of the spot diameter which is to be scanned and the desired number .of range sweeps ,per spot.. lf lthe azimuthscan rate is selected to vbe 30 per-second; -it should tbe apparentthat onerangrsweep occurs for each degree of azimuth and two or three range; sweeps will be available for each' beam :spot having-a -diameter of 3 'in azimuth. In this situation, thenpthe range resolution may be specified as one-third mile and the azimuth resolution as 1 per trigger. j

In. ythis -manner Vit is apparent that a high degree ,of target-resolution is' possible eventhough the bandwidth facilities for transmission to the centralstation are somewhat limited.V

Decoder and display rcircuits 300 Just as the encoders may be 4assumed to provide A`either raw video data or carrier more data, the decoders forming part of circuit 300 are indicated to have an alternate operation where either raw .videor carrier demodulated video is made available. T he signals received via telephone lines are applied to anY amplifier 301 and thence to a demodulator 303 -where the carrier operation is utilized; A switch305 is indicated to allow selection between the raw and carrier video modes. It will be understood againV Vthat Vthe invention may be practiced in either mode of operation.l

A typical waveform of rraw video `signal is indicated at the input circuit of amplifier 3071. There it will be noted that trigger signals mark vthe beginning of .respective `range sweeps and .azimuth gated range. marks indicate the reference vazimuth point which may be zero azimuth. -Although not shown in this waveform it will be understood that these reference signals are mixed with video target -rdata which is to .be displayed at the central station.

Amplifier 301 is also Lcoupled .to a pulse gate307 which is biased so that it passes-only the trigger signals. These trigger signals then are utilized to actuate a sweep gate 309 which .controls .a sweep .generator 311.

Range sweep .trigger signals gated through circuit v309 are also applied to a band .pass filter 313. Filter 313 ,is operative to separate out the reference frequency indicating the number Yof range sweeps per azimuth. As in: dicated above a .convenient reference is the -cycle power which kis available. This reference frequency is applied to. an amplifier 315 which is coupled through resolver transformer 317 and a power `amplifier 3-19 to a synchronous lrnotor 321. Motor 321 rotates atthe referf ence frequency rate and controls a resolver sine-cosine potentiometer 323,` providing .PPI deiiection signals for the plates ofthe display ytube 325. The gear reduction means associated with motor 321 is selectedto provide the desired range-sweep-rate to azimuth-cycle-rate ratio, ,so discussed above. f The phase position of the azimuth-gated range marks as displayed on tube 325 may be adjusted by rotating the rotor portion of resolver transformer 317. This rotation changes the lfrequency of the signal applied to ',.synchrousy motor 321 very slightly and causes the reference azimuth marks to be rotated until they-v are properly aligned at the desired reference point which may be zero azimuth. The particular means for rotating the rotor of resolver transformer 317 is not shown since this may be achieved manually or automatically, whichever is pre- 'ferred v A PPI display is preferred since such a display vis readily positioned in accordance with the geographical location of the encoder in the coordinates of the central station. It will be understood, however, that other dis plays may be utilized although the coordinate transformation may be somewhat more difiicult. i

As will be more fully understood after .considering the assembly technique Yillustrated in Fig. 4 to 'be discussed below, the PPI data displayed vin tubes 325 -is somewhat .distorted fwith- 4respect -to the central coordinates .due to the fact that each display is referenced to 9 its own zero range point and video data at short ranges appears brighter than that at long ranges. Consequently, it is desirable to modulate the remote video data to be displayed on a PPI display so that the spots appear to have a more uniform variation throughout the range considered. This may be achieved by deriving a signal from sweep generator 311 corresponding to the range sweep signal and utilizing this signalV to modulate the brightness of the received video data signals in a brightness time controlled modulator 327. A switch 328 is shown in order to illustrate again that this time modulation may not be desired, and therefore the alternative operation is possible.

It will be noted that sweep gate 309 lalso provides signals which are applied to a differentiator 330, a cancelling pulse generator 335 and a mixer 340. These signals are utilized to control blanking during the rangesweep retrace intervals and also to cancel the zero range mark which, of course, is no longer a zero range mark for the central station.

Although conventional circuits may be utilized to provide the components of decoders 300 such as those circuits shown in the above-mentioned reference by Donald G. Fink, ,a prefered set of circuits is shown in Figs. 3a and 3b Where a common set of reference numerals is utilized so that these circuits may readily be referred to the general block diagram of Fig. 3.

Circuit values suitable for these circuits are shown in order to aid those skilled in the art in practicing the invention and waveforms'occurring at various points are indicated to illustrate a typical operation. In general these circuits are conventional; further discussion therefore is not deemed to be necessary. One variation which is important to note, however, is that demodulator 303 is a doubly balanced circuit based upon principles more Yfully described in the above-mentioned copending U.S. patent application by John Daspit. A more detailed description of this circuit may be found in this copending application.

Assembly Vami coordinate transformation means (As shown in Fig. 4)

In order to illustrate a typical assembly problem, it is assumed that there are three remote radar displays provided in corresponding tubes 325a, 3251 and 325C, forming part of corresponding decoder circuits 300, where the geographical locations of the corresponding remote radars and scanning areas do not overlap. These displays may then be optically assembled by physically positioning the displays in accordance with their geographical location in the central station coordinates. InV order to illustrate a simple example, it is assumed that each of the remote radars is at a common radius point R1 from the central installation. Furthermore, it is assumed that each of the remote radars has a common scanning radius R2. Finally, it will be noted thatit is assumed that the radars are positioned at 120, and 240 azimuth with respect to the central radar coordinates.

A remote radar display 325a' is also shown indicating the possibility of an overlapping area. The optical assembly in this case is achieved by reflecting the display from a fully aluminized mirror `401 and a partially aluminzied miror 402 to an assembly tube and preamplier device 405. The partially aluminized mirror, it will be noted, also passes displays 325er, 32511 and 325e. This assembled display, arrangedin the coordinates of the central station, is then scanned by the vidicon tube, the scanning rate being synchronized with central radar trigger signals. These trigger signals are applied to a sweep and gate generator 410 providing range sweep signals which are passed through a PPI resolver 420. Resolver 420 is rotated at the rate of the central radar Yazimuth under the controll of aservo-followensine p0- tentiometer 430 which receives data. l Resolver 420 then provides the required rotating sweep signals in terms of the central coordinates. The notation Rc cos pc and Rc sin pc represents the sine and cosine components of the central range component Rc as resolved about the central azimuth angle qc. These signals are then utilized to control a deflection amplifier 435 which actuates the vidicon beam to scan the assembled display.

It will be noted that the circuit of Fig. 4 also includes a vidicon control circuit 440 providing the desired accelerating and focus voltages and the like providing the required storage characteristics. In the assembly unit,

central radar synchro as in the encoders, the vidicon must retain the assembled display for at least the period of a complete azimuth cycle, which may be on the order of 15 seconds.

The output signals produced by the vidicon tube then represent the video data of the remote radars in. the central station coordinates. These signals are applied to an amplifier and spectrum emphasis circuit 450 and thence to a mixer stage 460 which also receives central radar video. The output signals of stage 460 are applied to a central radar display tube 470 providing a composite display of remote and central radar in the central radar coordinates. v f

In referring to tube 470 it will be noted that the cornposite assembled display which results is positioned inaccordance in its true geographical location with respect to the central station. In this maner a central display formation circuits, such as computer circuits.

not be synchronized with the remote radars and may operate at different range and azimuth rates. In a typical installation the central radar range sweep rate maybe.

of the order of 400 sweeps per second and the azimuth rate of the order of 4 cycles per minute or one every 15 seconds.

It is not considered necessary to' illustrate specific circuits suitable for the assembly means of Fig. 4 since these circuits are quite conventional and furthermore may be similar to other circuits shown herein or incorporated by reference to the above-mentioned copending application by John Daspit.

From the foregoing description it should now be apparent that the present invention provides an efficient solution to the data assembly problem inherent in any radar network or other video scanningV arrangement where a plurality of-remote scanning devices are utilized to cover separate areas. The solution provided by the invention has the particular feature of allowing the transmission' of video data from the remote locations over narrow band facilities, such as telephone lines, to a central station.

It will be understood that while the invention is particularly useful when utilized in radar systems, it may also iind application Where it is necessary to assemble other visual displays, such as television displays, at a central location. Thus the concept of vcoordinate transformation -by optical means and scanning at the central station vac'- cording to the central coordinates may be utilized to as' semble video data received from a plurality of remote television installations rather than radar installations.' j'

It has been pointed out that the utilization of the intiemcentral station.

The other general application which has been pointed' out is utilization ofthe ,invention .to detect.video datajn Fur-therntore'g this video data may be maintained at a highorder of reso?" lution even though it is necessary'to utilize 'narrwbndi transmission facilities to carryA the Vinforotation to the acreage areasirhich-are ff-blnd tozthefcentral-statibn. slt will be understood, however, that these illustrations are not in; tended to vlimit'thescopefof the ,invention since .afrnultitude of .other applications will he apparent `,to those skilled in tthe gart.

- iIt should now be lapparent that -the technique of information storage Whichzis employed :according to the invention provides van eicient means for Vobviating the necessity for complex mechanical or electronic,synchro-nization between central and remote stations. .Thus .the remote radar scanningpratenmay vhe completely independent of ,that at the Vcentral,istation and need not be synchronized therewith in vany direct manner.

While, the vidicon Atube-has been pointed out as apreferred means for providinggscaning as well as the required storage characteristic, iaccordingito the invention, other .means will be apparent vto :those -skilled in the art. For example, the vidicon cameramaybe replaced with a `conventional TV camera auch las an image-orthicon if the display tube itself has 'the desired storage characteristic. Thus a VGraphechon display tube ymay be used which has the desired ,storage characteristic. Furthermore, the invention also contemplatesthat the storage device'utilized in thefencoder may not be a storage tube. For example, the invention may be `practiced by utilizing a magnetic drum to store the video data for an azimuth cycle. The storage operation will allow the compression of the video data according to `the invention although a visual display will :not be available at the encoding station. Once `Lthe encoding has been accomplished, moreover, the compressed video signal provided may Vappear precisely .zsirn'ilar'to those obtained through the utilization of a ,storage tube.

While specific circuits have been illustrated herein, and have been incorporated by reference to certain copending :applica-tions, it will be understood that the invention is not :so limited although the particular circuits described are preferred in the practice of the invention.

While a few important variations which are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention have been pointed out, it will be understood that a multitude of other variations exist which will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

v .Whatis claimed is:

1. A system for remote radar data transmission yand co- Jordinated assembly ata central station where the data rrc'ceivedis lto be transformed kto the coordinates of the 'central station, lsaid system comprising: a plurality of rst means forreceivingrespective remote radar data siginals and for producing corresponding encoded signals Jbased upon the respective remote coordinates; a corresponding plurality of second vmeans at the central station Y responsive to said `encoded signals, respectively, for decodingsaid ,signals and providing a corresponding plurality of visual displays; 4third means for providing a com- .positefvisualpresentation of Asaid visual displays based ,upon the 'respective geographical .locations of the asso- .ciatedremote radars; and fourth means for scanning said .composite visual presentation in the coordinates of the central station land `in synchronism with central radar reference-signals thereby to produce transformed video data signals representing the remote radar data in the coordinates o'f the central station, said transformed data 'being .suitable for directcornbination with the central radar video. v

2. A system 'for transmitting remote video data signals 1o a central station over narrow band facilities, the information received vat the central ystation being transformed into central video `data in the'coordinates of the central station, 'said `system comprising: encoding means `for receiving'the remote video data signalsV and for compressing #said data sgnalsto a form suitableffor transmission through the narrow `band facilities; decoding ineans at the central station .for vreceiving vthe compressed video data zand for. :producing .corresponding Ereference and 1'2 display signalsbased uponthe remote coordinates;-optical translation and display means responsive to said reference and display ksignals for providinga `visual. displaytof the remote video data positioned according to the coordinates ofthe central station; and scanningV means for` translating said visual-display into thecentral video` data sig-1 nals corresponding to remote videoY dataetranslated .to-the central coordinates.

3. `A system 'for remote video data `transrnissionand coordinated assembly at a central station, where no mechanical or electronic synchronism is required between .the remote and central stations, said system comprising: first means for translating the remote video data into corresponding reference and information signals'suitable for-transmission to the central station; second means for receiving said reference and informationY signals aththe rcentral station, and 'for translating these'signals .into a corresponding visual display representing the remote video data in the coordinates of the central station; and third means for scanning said visual display in ysynchronism with central reference signals, indicating the central scanning cycle, to produce corresponding central video data signals indicating the remote video data transformed to the central coordinates; at least one of said second and third means including Vmeans yfor storing signals representing said visual display for a period corresponding to said central scanning cycle, thereby obvating the necessity of synchronism' between said remote and central stations.

4. A method for remote video data transmission and coordinated assembly at a central station where the Vdata received is to beptransformed to the coordinates of the central station, said method comprising the following steps: translating the remote video data signals into corresponding encoded signals based upon the remote coordinates; decoding the encodedsignals at the central station to provide reference and display control signals to .utilizing the reference and display control signals to present a central visual display where the remote video data is presented in a position corresponding to the geographical location of the remote stations; and scanning the central visual display in accordance with central Vreference signals to produce transformed video data signals representing the remote video data in the coordinates of the central station.

5. A method for transmitting remote video signals to a central station over narrow bandfacilities, the information received by the central station being transformed into central video data in the coordinates of the central station, said method comprising the following steps: encoding and compressing the remote video data signals by storing these signals for a period corresponding to the remote scanning rate and by scanning the signals at a rate `suitable for providing signal frequencies suitable for transmission through the narrow band facilities available; decoding `the encoded signals at the central station to vproduce corresponding reference and display signals based upon the remote coordinates; optically translating and displaying the reference and display signals to provide a central video display of the remote video data positioned according to the coordinates of the central station; and scanning said visual display to translate said display into central videordata signals corresponding Vto remote video data signals translated to the central coordinates.

6. A method for remote video data transmission and coordinated assembly at a central station where no mechanical or electronic synchronism is required between the remote and central stations, said method comprising the following steps: translating the remote video data into corresponding reference and information signals suitable for transmission to the central station, receiving `said reference and information signals and' translating Athese lsignals .into Aa corresponding visual display representing .the remote video data in the rcoordinati-:s.of

f 13 thev central station, and scanning said visual display in synchronism with central reference signals indicating the central scanning cycle, to produce corresponding central video data signals indicating the remote video data transformed to the central coordinates.

'7. In a system for remote video data transmission and assembly at a central station where the remote video data is translated at a remote point into corresponding reference and information signals suitable for transmission to the central station, the central station including means fordecoding the reference and information signals into corresponding control signals which may be utilized to yactuate a visual display device; assembly and coordinate transformation means comprising: first means responsive to the control signals for translating these signals into a corresponding visual display representing the remote video data, said first means providing the visual display in a position corresponding to the geographical location of the remote point; second means for scanning the visual display provided by said rst means, in synchronism with central reference signals indicating the central scanning cycle, to produce corresponding central video data signals; and third means responsive to said central video data signals for displaying said signals to provide a coordinated display of the remote video data referenced to the central coordinates and reference signals.

8. cThe assembly and coordinate transformation means defined in claim 7 wherein said second means includes a vidicon tube and' optical coupling means for presenting said visual displays of remote video data to said vidicon tube, said vidicon tube being actuable to scan said display in synchronism with applied signals representing central reference signals.

9. In a system for transmitting remote video data signals from a remote station to a central station over narrow band facilities where the remote video data signals are compressed to form signals suitable for transmission through the narrow band facilities and the central station includes decoding means receiving the compressed signals to produce corresponding reference and display signals; means for assembling and transforming the coordinates of the remote video data comprising: display means responsive to said reference and display signals for providing a visual display of the remote video data positioned according to the coordinates of the central station; scanning means for translating said visual display into central video data signals corresponding to remote video data translated to the central coordinates; at least one of said display means or scanning means, including a storage device for retaining said visual display for a period corresponding to the central scanning cycle, thereby obviating the necessity of synchronism between the remote and central stations; and means for providing a composite output display representing the central video data signals.

10. The means for assembling and transforming the coordinates of remote video data, as dened in claim 9, wherein said scanning means includes a vidicon tube providing the required storage device, said tube being actuable in accordance with central reference signals to scan the visual display of the remote data signals positioned according to the coordinates of the central station.

11. A method for assembling and transforming the coordinates of remote video data received from a plurality of remote points without the necessity of complicated translation steps, said method comprising the following steps: translating the remote video data signals into a plurality of corresponding visual displays, arranging said visual displays into physical positions corresponding to the geographical locations of the corresponding remote points, optically coupling said display to a scanning device to allow the translation of said display into corresponding central video data signals, and redisplaying said central video data signals on a composite display representing the remote video data in the central coordinates.

, 14 12. A system for remote vdeo data transmission and coordinated assembly at a central station where the data' received is to be transformed to the coordinates of the central station, said system comprising: a plurality otv remote encoder circuits for translatingv received video in-j formation into compressed video data suitable for trans'- rnission through narrow band facilities; a corresponding plurality of decoding means for receiving said compressed signals and for producing representative 'reference and display control signals; a plurality of display devices responsive to said reference and display control signals, respectively, for producing a corresponding num-' ber of remote video data displays, said displays being arranged in a manner representative of the geographical location of said encoding means; means including an optical coupling link for translating said visual displays into central video data signals corresponding to said remote video data translated to the central coordinates.

13. The system defined in claim 12..whe rei n,s aid en coding means includes a display device and means for actuating said device to provide a visual display of'"the reference signals required for said decoding means; and wherein said encoding means also includes a scanning de'-l vice for translating said visually displayed reference sig-l nals into corresponding electrical signals, thereby ob-l viating the necessity of mechanical or electronic coupling between remote facilities providing the .video datavsignals and the encoding means. j

'14; A surveillance system comprising: a" pluralityI of spaced, stationary, ground-based radar stations; a separate storage device for each of said stations to display visually the relative positions of objects detected thereby; means to support said storage devices in the same relative positions as stations corresponding thereto; a television camera to scan all of said storage devices simultaneously; and a cathode-ray tube indicator responsive to the output of said camera to display all of the .information recorded on said storage devices.

15. A surveillance system comprising: a plurality of spaced, stationary, ground-based radar stations; a separate cathode-ray tube for each of said stations to display visually the relative positions of objects detected thereby; means to support said cathode-ray tubes in the same relative positions as stations corresponding thereto; a television camera to scan all of said cathode-ray tubes simultaneously; and a cathode-ray tube indicator responsive to the output of said camera to display all the information recorded on said cathode-ray tubes.

16. A surveillance system comprising: a central radar station including means to produce signals to control space scanning thereof in the vicinity thereof; a plurality of remote, spaced, stationary ground-based radar stations; a separate storage device for each of said remote stations to display visually the relative positions of objects detected thereby; means to support said storage devices in the same positions relative to said central station as the other stations corresponding thereto; a television camera to scan all of said storage devices substantially simultaneously; means responsive to said central radar station space scanning control signals to cause said camera to scan said storage devices in synchronism with the space scanning of said central radar system; and a cathode-ray tube indicator to display not only all the information recorded on said storage devices, but also the positions of objects detected by said central station.

17. A surveillance system comprising: a central radar station including an antenna; means to rotate said antenna in azimuth; a plurality of remote, spaced, stationary, ground-based radar stations; a separate storage device for each of said remote stations to display visually the relative positions of objects detected thereby; means to support said storage devices in the same position relative to said central station as the other stations corresponding thereto; a television camera to scan all of said storage devices substantially simultaneously; means t0 18.A surveillance system. comprising: acentral radar station including an antenna; means to cause said antenna to radiate pulses of electromagnetic energy; means to rotate said antenna in azimuth; a plurality of remote, spaced, stationary, ground-based radar stations; a separate storage device for each of said remote stations to display visually the relative positions lof objects detected thereby; a television camera to scan all of said storage,Y devices substantially simultaneously; means to cause said camera to scan said storage devices radially in the direction in which said antenna faces `starting initially in synchronism with and upon radiation of said ypulses and to change the radial scan direction of said camera in synchronism with rotation of said antenna; means to combine the video .output of said central station with that of said camera; and a cathode-ray tube indicator yresponsive to the output of s aid combining means to display not only all the information recorded onsaid storage devices, but also the positions of'objects detected by said central station.

19. A surveillance system comprising: at least two spaced, stationary, ground-based radar stations; a separate storage device for each of said stations to display visually the relative positions of objects detected thereby;- rneans to Support said storage devicesvin the same rela-U' tive positions ,as stations correspondingv thereto; a te1 e vision camera to scan both of saidstorage devices substantially simultaneously; an partially aluniivnzed mirror to transmit light defining an image of the iniormation stored on one of said'storage devices to said camera andl t'o reect light defining an image on the other of saidA storage devices toward said camera; and a cathode-ray tube'indicator responsive to the output of said'carnera to display all the information recorded on said devices.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS OTHER REFERENCES Teleran, 4by D. Ewing et a1. RCA Review, vol. VII, December 1946, No. v4. Published by RCA, pp. 601-621; page 614 particularly relied upon.

UNTTEE STATES PATENT oEETCE QE'HFNATE E CGREC'HGN Patent N0, 2,972,141 February 14, 1961 Edward J. Barlow et a1.

It is hereby certified that error appears' in the above numbered patent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should read as 'corrected below.

Column 1, line 59, for "remote" read remoted column 3, line 21, before "present" insert is column 5, line 25, strike out "and"; column 7, line 70, for "cp.,c" read eps column 8, line before "trigger" insert range line 16, for "more" read mode lines 57 and 58, for synchrous" read synchronous I Signed and sealed this 26th day of December 1961.

(SEAL) Attest:

ERNEST W. SWIDEE DAVID L. LADD y Commissioner of Patents Attesting Officer usccznvlIvi-ncr UNITED STATES PATENT oEEIoE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTIUN Patent No. 2,972,141 February 14, 1961 Edward J. Barlow et al.

It is hereby certified that error appears' in the above numbered patent requiring correction and 'that `the said Letters Patent. should read as "corrected below Column 1, line 59, for "remote" read remoted Column 3, line 21, before present" insert is column 5, 1ine 25, Strike out and"; column 7, line 70, for "c.p.,c" read C,p.s. Column 8, line 6, before "trigger" insert range line 16, for "more" read mode lines 57 and 58, for "synchrous" read Synchronous I Signed and Sealed this 26th day of December 1961.

(SEAL) Attest:

ERNEST w. ASWIDEE Attesting Officer DAVID L. LADD Commissioner of Patents usm'JMM-rzacl 

